Migraine Complications and Related Symptoms Certain disorders occur more frequently in people who have migraine or are at high risk of developing migraine (usually children). Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome involves bouts of severe nausea and vomiting that last more than an hour at a time and last for up to 10 days. There are no symptoms of nausea or vomiting between attacks that occur in regular cycles. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Children who experience abdominal migraines often do not have headache attacks during adolescence, but they develop attacks as adults. Dizziness that occurs without warning and resolves on its own without loss of consciousness. During a seizure, a child may exhibit nystagmus (uncontrolled horizontal or vertical eye movements), problems with balance or coordination (called ataxia), vomiting, pale skin, and fear. Paroxysmal torticollis In this syndrome, which occurs in infants and young children, the head tilts to one side with or without slight rotation and remains tilted for minutes to days before returning to its normal position on its own. During an attack, infants and children may appear pale, irritable, uncomfortable, feel generally unwell, vomit, and older children may have impaired balance and coordination. Headaches Other rare types of headaches include: Cluster Headaches These severe, painful headaches last 15 to 180 minutes without treatment and occur in cycles or in clusters. This is a severe, sometimes throbbing pain on one side of the face or around the eyes that lasts between 2 and 30 minutes and occurs five or more times a day. As the name suggests, an icepick headache is a migraine characterized by stabbing pain. Fortunately, this is relatively rare and usually short-lived. Treatment.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762965d12864-ab7b-4c0b-9a69-0792aa6a136c Occipital neuralgia This disease causes pain in the back of the head and upper neck.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629caaa28cf-5899-481e-ac51-0e0859f59f2f Causes Causes and Risk Factors of Migraine The exact cause of migraine is still unknown. Some studies suggest that genetic or environmental factors may be involved, while others link migraines and pain to changes in the brainstem or trigeminal nerve. Studies have shown that migraine frequency is associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety. According to one study, the more frequently you have attacks, the more likely you are to experience depression and anxiety. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d081d5e3-f3b1-4068-9215-96c43a82a4da Changes in weather and barometric pressure can cause imbalances in brain chemicals, leading to migraine attacks. Researchers have identified several important risk factors for developing migraines, including: Genetics Studies have shown that migraines have a strong genetic component, but the specific genes and genetic mechanisms involved are Some rare types of migraine, such as familial hemiplegic migraine, are caused by certain genetic mutations. However, for most types, several genes are thought to increase the likelihood of migraine. Age Most people with migraine experience their first attack before the age of 40. However, migraines can begin at any point in life, including in infancy and childhood. During childhood, girls are more likely to be affected, but this trend reverses during adolescence. Women are much more likely to experience migraines than men, and this is likely due to hormonal changes involving estrogen. The menstrual period, a time when estrogen levels drop. Similarly, hormonal medications, such as birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy, can also make migraines worse. Pregnancy and menopause can also change the frequency, duration, and severity of migraine attacks. Due to a strong hormonal relationship, many women find that their migraines subside after menopause. However, they can contribute to the development of migraine attacks. Often, multiple triggers are required to cause a migraine attack, rather than just one. Common triggers include: Changes in weather Heat, humidity, wind, decreased light, poor air quality, and changes in barometric pressure can trigger migraine attacks. Odors Natural light and fluorescent lights can trigger migraines in people who are sick. Loud noises and strong odors such as perfumes and detergents are also common triggers. In some cases, these sensory symptoms are early signs of an attack. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762989ebded3-7e62-4a15-a93d-43eb2ef59250 Medications Oral contraceptives and vasodilators such as nitroglycerin have been associated with migraines. attack.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762976881381-8ddf-45f4-8aff-55f753c2bf10 Overuse of painkillers can also lead to symptoms such as: Headache.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762912eea482-ae16-4a31-afad-a3f0e0571f98 Dehydration About one-third of migraine sufferers cite dehydration as a common symptom. Sleep Disorders Too little or too much sleep can cause migraines in some people, as can changes in sleep-wake patterns such as jets. lag.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f36fc3f9-5abc-429b-b019-1ba665c64e84 Foods and Food Additives Certain foods and beverages, especially alcoholic beverages, may be triggers. Like caffeine, the flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate may also be a trigger. Foods containing the amino acid tyramine are associated with the onset of migraines. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629e12a2cbd-4fe8-4725-b8f8-41506dfb0ae1 Examples include aged cheese, smoked fish, chicken liver, figs, certain beans, and red wine. Other foods that can cause headaches include cured meats, artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and sucralose, fruits such as avocados, bananas, and citrus fruits, nuts, and seeds. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629607db77f-0b59-4a8d-ae77-14163f8a8848 Stress or Relief from Stress About 70% of migraine sufferers report that daily stress is a common trigger. Relaxing after a stressful day can also trigger a migraine, a so-called “let-down” headache. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762954283e1a-3842-412e-96f8-c86f105bbcfb Types Types of Migraine Migraines are usually characterized by episodes of symptoms called headache attacks. And sometimes nausea, vomiting, photosensitivity, and dizziness may occur. Seizures can occur suddenly or due to specific triggers, and the frequency of seizures varies from person to person. There are two main types of migraines. Migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Migraine with aura is further divided into four subtypes. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292456997f-ce88-499d-82e8-0ad9647014ca Migraine with typical aura Migraine with brainstem aura Hemiplegic migraine Retinal migraine People are further divided into many subtypes. In addition to one type of migraine, other types of headaches can occur at the same time. Migraine headaches are classified as chronic or episodic based on the number of days in a month that the symptoms occur. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629dee6df45-dce1-4fac-9884-963aef5678cb Chronic migraine is defined by the American Migraine Foundation as a headache that occurs for more than 15 days. Symptoms with migraine characteristics lasting at least 8 days each month for more than 3 months. It affects approximately 3 to 5 percent of the U.S. population. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976290d2475d2-9552-4459-a58d-23da8638554c Paroxysmal migraine is defined as migraine symptoms lasting less than 14 days. month.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c5f91a0d-a646-47f2-863f-2bcd21af1162 Determining the type of migraine you have may help you and your doctor choose the appropriate treatment. It may be required if you wish to participate in a clinical trial. Migraine without aura Formerly known as common migraine, migraine without aura is characterized by a headache that usually occurs on one side of the head, is of a pulsating nature, worsens with physical activity, and is accompanied by nausea and lights and sounds. Susceptibility.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762984b4cff1-de98-4cf1-8c0b-aea0ff613c8b Migraine without aura may have a prodromal or warning phase in which symptoms such as depression, food cravings, difficulty concentrating, and uncontrollable yawning appear. There may also be a post-mortem phase in which the headache pain subsides, but the person feels tired, in pain, and has difficulty concentrating. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976295357a8c4-9f0a-4f6d-9a53-079e349257dc Migraine with aura Migraine with aura, formerly known as classic migraine, occurs in up to 30% of people with migraine. It usually causes the same symptoms as migraine without aura, except that the headache phase of the migraine attack is preceded by neurological deficits, including visual, speech, or sensory changes. Visual auras include seeing stars, zigzags, or flashing lights. Blurred vision; temporary blindness or color spots. And tunnel vision. Sensory disturbances may include tingling or numbness in parts of the body, face, or tongue. In some cases, aura symptoms may occur without or following a headache. Migraine with brainstem aura This type of migraine, formerly known as basilar migraine, is a rare type of migraine with aura. Neurological symptoms usually include double vision, speech and hearing problems, dizziness, and loss of balance and coordination. Hemiplegic migraine and sporadic hemiplegic migraine. Both are characterized by aura, fever, and hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body). e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d281e5b4-605b-4f76-b3eb-d60d86539954 Retinal Migraine Retinal migraine is an extremely rare cause of temporary vision loss in one eye. It is diagnosed when there are recurrent attacks of unilateral vision loss or blindness associated with migraine headaches, including the type of visual symptoms common in migraine auras. These symptoms tend to develop over 5 minutes or more, may last up to an hour, and may be accompanied by or followed by a headache. It can be debilitating and lead to missing work, school, and daily activities. Approximately 1 billion people around the world suffer from migraines, and they occur most often in women and people between the ages of 20 and 50. There is no cure for migraine, but treatment and lifestyle changes can help minimize and prevent the number of attacks. have. Depending on the cause, avoiding or limiting certain environmental, dietary, and drug triggers can reduce pain and additional symptoms of an attack. Migraine Prognosis The long-term prognosis for migraine is highly variable. For some people, migraine attacks become fewer and less severe over time, while for others the attacks become more frequent and transition from episodic migraine to chronic migraine. Additionally, some people have long periods of remission, during which they do not have migraine attacks. one study of 380 migraine sufferers found that more than 47 percent reported a decrease in the frequency of migraine attacks. Over 50% in 10 years. Factors associated with this improvement were baseline headache >10 days per month at the start of the study, not smoking, and having a follow-up visit for migraine. Migraine Improvement and Prevention Although there is no way to completely prevent migraines, some people can lower their risk of attacks by taking the following lifestyle measures. Get enough sleep Too much or too little sleep can cause migraine attacks, so it helps to do everything you can to get consistent sleep each night. That means going to bed and waking up at about the same time every day, avoiding excessive naps, and addressing anything related to your health or daily routine that may be getting in the way of restful sleep. Meals Skipping meals is a common trigger for migraines. If you don’t eat food at regular intervals, your blood sugar levels can drop too low, causing a migraine attack or a non-migraine-related headache. Drinking enough water throughout the day is just as important as eating regularly. Dehydration can cause headaches even in people who don’t have migraines, and in people who do, it can trigger migraine attacks. Therefore, it makes sense to find ways to manage stress in your life. What works best varies from person to person. Attending a mindfulness-based stress reduction class is one option that helps many people cope with the stress of chronic pain. Some people find that practicing yoga or meditation reduces stress. Working with a psychotherapist about issues that cause stress can also help reduce stress levels. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299ec1f83c-cf51-4404-b7a8-1917ee87555a Exercise regularly Exercising regularly is another way to manage stress and can also reduce the frequency of stress. Severity of migraine attacks. The trick is to start with low-impact, low-intensity movements and gradually increase your level. There is no single test that will lead to a diagnosis of migraine. Instead, your doctor will look at your medical history and family history of migraines and perform a physical and neurological exam. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299a8c5ea8-f67d-45b8-a087-d7d6ecb9b7d6 Your health care provider may order certain blood tests or imaging tests to rule out other causes of your migraines. headache. However, having one type of primary headache disorder does not exclude the possibility of having another type of headache disorder. In fact, many people have both migraines and tension-type headaches. Keeping a detailed record of your symptoms, when they occur, how long they last, and what relieves them, if any, can help with diagnosis. Stages of a Migraine Attack There are four stages of a migraine attack, each with slightly different symptoms: Aura, or Warning, Stage You may notice the first signs of a migraine attack one to two days before the aura symptoms or headache begin. These early warning symptoms include mood changes, cravings for certain foods, muscle stiffness, difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to sound and light, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, yawning, and frequent urination. One-third of people experience an aura phase. This phase lasts from 5 minutes to 1 hour and increases in intensity over time. Auras may include seeing bright spots or light patterns or feeling numbness or tingling in different parts of the body, but do not include paralysis. Up to 3 days. The throbbing pain may start on one side of the head and spread to both sides. It may also include nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and sensitivity to certain stimuli such as light and noise. At this stage of a migraine attack, people usually look for a quiet, dark room to rest or sleep. It may relieve fatigue and body aches. You may have difficulty concentrating or become hypersensitive to certain stimuli. e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976291dda1bb7-a652-4a64-8d77-be210afd7189 Not everyone with migraine experiences all four stages, and even those who usually do may not experience all four with every migraine. attack. Symptoms Migraine Signs and Symptoms Migraine symptoms vary depending on the type of migraine and the person. However, migraine attacks are generally very painful and can interfere with daily life. The most common symptom of migraine is head pain. It usually occurs on one side of the head, but sometimes on both sides, and is sometimes described as an intense throbbing or pulsating sensation that starts on one side of the head and moves to the other side. Along with head pain, these are the most commonly reported migraine symptoms. Symptom:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629448384f2-b7e2-404f-abc2-7ef37bc 341d6e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c6b7b45f-2bad-4c58-a58e-63026c030cfeLight sensitivity, called photophobia (which contributes to the desire to seek out dark spaces during attacks) Sound sensitivity, or phonophobia (normal noises may become intolerable) Touch sensitivity, called allodynia, or pain from gentle touch, such as combing your hair or touching your face against a pillowcase Nausea and vomiting Warning symptoms Neck pain or stiffness Brain fog, or difficulty concentrating, remembering, or performing other mental tasks Light-headedness, dizziness, or dizziness Depression or anxiety Ringing or ringing in the ears Sinus pain Diarrhea Aversion to smells Other migraine symptoms may be less common or just not common. Reported: e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976297c99f480-3c39-41dc-b290-ca75075f9560 Cold hands and feet Constipation Difficulty speaking clearly Difficulty understanding written or spoken information Ear pain Swelling of the face Cravings for food Increased urination frequency Thirst Jaw pain Night sweats Nightmares Numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or face Decreased energy Smelling odors (usually unpleasant) that aren’t actually there Nasal congestion Support for people with migraines People with migraines and headache disorders can benefit from reliable resources that provide information and support. Many organizations provide educational materials and can help you find a doctor who specializes in migraine treatment. There are also online communities that provide support and practical advice and tips. Important Migraine Information and Support American Headache Society The American Headache Society is dedicated to helping healthcare professionals stay up-to-date on treatments for headaches and facial pain, but patients can also find a wealth of information about new migraine treatments and colorful infographics offering a variety of tips. American Migraine Foundation In partnership with the American Headache Society, this nonprofit organization strives to provide people with migraines with the care and support they need. This website includes a helpful doctor search tool and guidance on a variety of issues, including managing migraines at work, identifying your headache type, applying for Social Security Disability Income, and managing migraine-related emergency room visits. Migraine Disorders Association The Migraine Disorders Association recognizes that migraine is a systemic disease with a wide range of symptoms. In addition to providing extensive educational materials, the organization hosts Shades for Migrane, a campaign that raises migraine awareness and addresses the stigma associated with the disease by having participants wear sunglasses in unexpected places. Migraines at Work The Migraines at Work campaign aims to help employees with migraines stay employed and remain productive at work, and to help employers support and accommodate such employees. This website provides articles, recorded webcasts, newsletters, and links to more information. Migraine at Work is a project of the World Health Education Foundation. Online Magazine and Toolkit My Chronic Brain This online magazine for people with chronic migraine is created by volunteers who want to provide readers with real-life patient stories, treatment resources, nutritional advice, and news related to migraine care. The INvisible Project The INvisible Project is the flagship program of the American Pain Foundation, producing an online magazine featuring real stories and photos of people dealing with chronic pain. Several editions are dedicated to people with migraine, sharing how they cope with pain-related challenges in daily life. Migrane Again Migrane Again bills itself as a lifestyle website for people with migraines and those who love them. You’ll find expert information, tips and advice from people with migraines, personal stories, and articles on almost every aspect of living with migraines. The Migraine Patient Toolkit: A Guide to Care is a downloadable resource created by the Society for Women’s Health Research to help people with migraines get the care they need, deal with health insurance issues, and incorporate healthy habits into their lives. Migraine App Headache and Migraine Tracker This app is highly rated by people who suffer from headaches and migraines, who use it to track medications, disorders, triggers, and share data with their doctors. The app also analyzes your data to determine what type of headache you’re experiencing. Migraine Buddy Logging and monitoring your migraines is easy with this graphic-rich app designed in collaboration with neurologists and data scientists. This technology helps patients identify triggers that may be associated with migraines and prevent future headaches. This website also has interesting articles about the effects of alcohol on migraines, how pets can help, migraine auras, and other topics. Migraine Diary Migraine Trust This British organization specializing in helping people who suffer from migraines offers templates to keep track of your attacks and any medications you may be taking. Spotting migraine patterns can help with treatment. Hartford HealthCare Headache Center Migraine Diary This Center for Headache Care PDF provides a comprehensive system for recording episodes and medications. The key will help you pinpoint the type of trigger and assess the severity of your migraine. Treatment and Medication Options for Migraine There are two drug treatment options for migraine. Some drugs relieve symptoms after an attack has started, and others prevent attacks from occurring or reduce their frequency or severity. Acute Medications to Stop Migraine Attacks Acute treatments, or abortifacients, for migraines include over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers and several prescription medications. Additionally, antiemetics can help relieve symptoms in people who experience nausea and vomiting with migraines. Over-the-counter pain relievers commonly used to treat migraines include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB), and naproxen (Aleve, Prescription medications include triptans, gepants, dithanes, and ergots. Triptans Triptans were the first migraine-specific drugs introduced in the 1990s and are still widely used today. They include almotriptan (Axert), eletriptan (Relpax), sumatriptan (Imitrex and other brands), rizatriptan (Maxalt), and zolmitriptan (Zomig). All triptans are available in tablet form. Zolmitriptan and sumatriptan are also available as nasal sprays, and sumatriptan is also available as an injection. Triptans should be taken at the first sign of an attack, and for many people they effectively stop an attack or significantly reduce migraine symptoms. aura.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762992e366b4-f55e-4580-af5b-f6b77c3228fb Gepants Gepants, more formally called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists, were developed specifically for the treatment of migraines and also include oral medications ubrogepant (Ubrelvy), rimegepant (Nurtec ODT), and the nasal spray zavegepant (Zavzpret). Gepant works by blocking the action of CGRP, a protein in the brain and nervous system that is involved in pain transmission. Unlike triptans, gepants can be used by people with cardiovascular risk factors or stroke risk. They are also the only type of acute migraine drugs that are considered not to cause medication overuse headaches even with frequent use. The oral tablet is the only approved drug in the gitans (5-HT1F receptor agonist) class. It works similarly to triptans, but because it does not constrict blood vessels, it may be used by some people who cannot take triptans due to cardiovascular risk factors. Ergot drugs, such as ergotamine (Ergomal), the oldest class of drugs used to treat migraines, are no longer commonly used in the United States because they tend to be less effective and have more side effects than other options. A type of ergot that is still widely used is dihydroergotamine (Migranal, Turdesa), which can be given intravenously in a hospital or clinic, or taken as a nasal spray at home. spray.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976291e0a54aa-c107-4c99-83f2-027c49faeff7 Anti-nausea medications Medications that may be prescribed to treat nausea associated with migraines include metoclopramide (Reglan) and prochlorperazine (Compro). and so on. Metoclopramide is available in tablet, liquid, and injection forms, as well as nasal sprays. Prochlorperazine is given as a tablet, suppository, or injection. For most effective symptom relief, it is important to take prescription anti-migraine medications and over-the-counter pain medications as directed and follow your healthcare provider’s instructions. OTC 薬を含むほとんどの片頭痛薬の過剰使用は、薬物乱用頭痛 (リバウンド頭痛としても知られています) を引き起こす可能性があります。片頭痛の予防薬 片頭痛に予防効果がある薬のほとんどは、片頭痛専用に開発されたものではありません。これらは主に心血管疾患、発作、うつ病の治療に使用されます。 e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976295f2e0227-e603-4556-9965-8c316db26c4b 2 つの例外は、CGRP 抗体と CGRP 受容体アンタゴニスト、つまりゲパントです。非常に重度の片頭痛発作、または頻繁に長期にわたる片頭痛発作がある人には、通常、予防治療が推奨されます。片頭痛のある人の中には、発作を制御するために予防的治療と急性治療の両方が必要な場合があります。 e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629509bd39a-05dd-4d2a-ba16-d2b5a6610283 CGRP 抗体 片頭痛発作の頻度を下げるために特別に開発された CGRP 抗体にはエレヌマブが含まれます(Aimovig)、フレマネズマブ (Ajovy)、galcanezumab-gnlm (Emgality)、およびエプチネズマブ (Vyepti)。これらの薬は月に1回注射されるか、3か月に1回静脈内に注入されます。ゲパントと同様に、CGRP 抗体は CGRP の作用をブロックすることによって機能します。 e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762951f40f5a-36f1-4055-873b-4ff54747ead7 Gepants CGRP アンタゴニストのrimegepant (Nurtec ODT) とアトゲパント (Qulipta) は経口薬として入手でき、片頭痛の予防治療として米国食品医薬品局 (FDA) によって承認されています。 12 週間ごとのオナボツリヌス毒素 A (ボトックス) も、一部の慢性片頭痛患者の片頭痛の予防に役立つ可能性があります。 (発作性片頭痛に対する FDA の承認はありません。) ただし、効果を実感するには複数回の注射が必要な場合があります。研究によると、片頭痛に対するボトックスの有益な効果は複数回の治療で増加することが示されています。 When taken daily, they can help prevent migraine attacks in some people. Beta-blockers used for this purpose include metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) and propranolol (InnoPran XL).e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762904c082ab-8c43-452b-adfe-7ef3f93a41f3 Metoprolol is taken by tablet or capsule or given by injection; propranolol is given by capsule, liquid, or injection. Typically, beta-blockers are started at a low dose, which is slowly increased until an effective dose is reached.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762974a10d8f-b6d2-461a-8331-29ad911c02f9 Antidepressants As their name implies, antidepressants are taken most often to treat depression. But they can sometimes prevent migraine attacks as well. Antidepressants that research has shown to be effective at preventing migraine include nortriptyline, venlafaxine (Effexor), and duloxetine (Cymbalta). These drugs are all taken as pills or capsules.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762954c7f725-7cfc-464d-8c5c-8e364e51881e Antiseizure Drugs Certain anticonvulsant, or antiseizure, drugs are considered first-line treatment for preventing migraine. Those include valproate, valproic acid, and topiramate (Topamax).e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762978a4be66-760d-43de-93f3-5afa0b845be8 Nerve Stimulation Devices for Migraine Relief When medications aren’t providing adequate migraine relief, it may be worth trying a nerve stimulation device. These devices, of which there are several types, reduce pain or help prevent migraine episodes by delivering electrical or magnetic pulses to selected nerves.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b7d2455e-b5a5-4a20-b75a-c865c7d729e8 They are unlikely to replace medications in a person’s migraine management plan, but they may help control pain when used alongside meds. The available external devices target the upper branch of the trigeminal nerve, on the forehead; the vagus nerve, via the neck; the occipital nerve, on the back of the head; and the peripheral nerves in the upper arm. An implanted device also targets the occipital nerve.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762976399b38-393e-471d-b59d-1073e2da3c4f Side effects from nerve stimulation tend to be mild and mainly include redness, irritation, or muscle twitching at the site of the stimulation.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762976399b38-393e-471d-b59d-1073e2da3c4f The main drawback of nerve stimulation devices may be that they’re expensive and not always covered by health insurance plans. The Takeaway Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by intense head pain and other sensory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms. Migraines can be chronic or episodic and can be categorized under subtypes like migraine with or without aura. Migraine attacks can occur due to various environmental, dietary, or hormonal triggers, and can last from hours to days. Most migraine attacks follow phases such as prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome, with a variety of symptoms indicating which phase you might be in. Common migraine triggers include bright lights, foods like chocolate or aged cheese, alcohol, nicotine or secondhand smoke, menstruation and menopause, changes in weather or barometric pressure, lack of sleep (or too much sleep), and stress. Diagnosing migraine often involves describing your symptoms to a neurologist, getting magnetic resonance imaging scans, and tracking your symptoms in a diary. A variety of medications can stop migraines or prevent them from occurring, as can lifestyle changes like proper sleep, stress reduction, and hydration.
